无信号控制交叉口老年驾驶人转向行为图谱研究

倪定安; 郭凤香; 周燕宁

doi:10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2022.03.011

无信号控制交叉口老年驾驶人转向行为图谱研究

doi: 10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2022.03.011

倪定安^{1, 2,},
郭凤香^1, ,,
周燕宁³

1.
昆明理工大学交通工程学院昆明 650500
2.
武汉理工大学智能交通系统研究中心武汉 430000
3.
深圳市城市交通规划设计研究中心广东深圳 518000

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 71961012

详细信息

作者简介:
倪定安（1995—），博士研究生. 研究方向：交通安全. E-mail: ndaits@whut.edu.cn

通讯作者:
郭凤香（1979—），博士，教授. 研究方向：交通安全、驾驶行为. E-mail：20050062@kust.edu.cn

中图分类号: U491.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-03-26
- 网络出版日期: 2022-07-25

A Graph Study on Turning Behaviors of Older Drivers at Unsignalized Intersections

NI Dingan^{1, 2
,},
GUO Fengxiang^{1
, ,},
ZHOU Yanning³

1.
School of Transportation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
2.
Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
3.
Shenzhen Urban Transport Planning Center, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China

摘要

摘要: 考虑到老年驾驶人存在的视觉弱化、反应能力下降等问题，有必要分析其转向行为特征。基于此，本文分析了在无信号控制交叉口情景下老年驾驶人的转向行为特征，并绘制图谱描述行为特征的时序变化。基于无信号控制交叉口的现实场景调查，搭建了具备常见冲突类型的虚拟仿真驾驶场景（包含6个无信号控制交叉口），招募符合要求的老年驾驶人与中青年驾驶人进行驾驶模拟实验，分别采集车辆行驶数据（驾驶模拟器）、眼动数据和生理心理数据分析老年驾驶人与中青年驾驶人在不同转向场景下的行为特征差异，应用图谱理论构建驾驶人转向行为图谱描述老年驾驶人与中青年驾驶人的转向行为特征时序变化。实验结果表明：老年驾驶人的速度均值为20.4 km/h、注视持续时间均值为289.47 ms、扫视幅度均值为3.51°；中青年驾驶人的速度均值为35.79 km/h、注视持续时间均值为247.94 ms、扫视幅度均值为4.56°。老年驾驶人的心率变异性时域指标（SDNN和RMSSD）与频域指标（LF/HF和TP）的值更低，表明老年驾驶人在转向过程中更加紧张。图谱显示老年驾驶人的紧张持续时间更长，并在信息获取广度上弱于中青年驾驶人。结合图谱时空差异性指标发现，这2类驾驶人的驾驶行为在左转向场景下存在显著性差异，老年驾驶人驾驶操作的稳定性与安全性较低。
- 交通安全 /
- 老年驾驶人 /
- 转向行为特征 /
- 图谱理论 /
- 无信号控制交叉口
Abstract: Considering the vision issues and slow response of older drivers, it is therefore important to study their turning behavior. Given this fact, the turning behavior of older drivers at unsignalized intersections are studied in this paper and a graph is developed to describe the changes of their driving behaviors over the time. A virtual simulation of driving scenes (including six unsignalized intersections) with different types of conflicts are developed based on a field survey. Next, older drivers and young/middle-aged drivers who meet requirements of simulation are recruited to conduct the experiment. Data regarding vehicle operation behaviors, eye movements, and physiological and psychological condition are collected to analyze the differences of behavioral characteristics between older and young/middle-aged groups of drivers under different turning scenarios. The Graph Theory is adopted to describe the features of behaviors for older and young/middle-aged drivers. Results show that for older drivers, the average of turning velocity is 20.4 km/h, fixation duration is 289.47 ms, and saccade amplitude is 3.51°. For young/middle-aged drivers, their average speed is 35.79 km/h, 247.94 ms and 4.56°, respectively. Older drivers are more nervous during the turning process since their time domain indicators (SDNN and RMSSD) and frequency domain indicators (LF/HF and TP) are lower. The graph indicates that the time of older drivers' nervousness lasts longer than young/middle-aged drivers do, and older drivers have a lower ability to collecting different information. Finally, the spatiotemporal differences from the graphs indicate that there are significant differences between the turning behavior of the two driver groups in left-turning scenarios, and the older drivers' turning behavior show a lower level of stability and safety.
- traffic safety /
- older driver /
- turning behavior characteristics /
- graph theory /
- unsignalized intersection

HTML全文

图 1 行驶路线与仿真场景图

Figure 1. The route of driving and simulation scenarios

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 实验仪器

Figure 2. Apparatus of experiment

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 驾驶人左转向行为图谱

Figure 3. Graph of drivers' left turning behavior

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 驾驶人右转向行为图谱

Figure 4. Graph of drivers'right turning behavior

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 驾驶模拟系统数据指标

Table 1. The indicator of driving simulation system

仪器设备	数据指标
驾驶模拟器	速度(km/h), 制动踏板深度(mm), 油门踏板深度（mm), 转向盘转角（°), 加速度(m/s²)
ErgoLAB生理心理仪	心电(ECG), 皮电(EDA), 肌电(EMG)
i-viewHED4眼动仪	扫视幅度（°)，注视时长(ms)

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同场景下车辆运行特征值与差异性分析

Table 2. Analysis of characteristic values and differences of vehicle operation in different scenarios

特征指标	驾驶人类型	场景1	场景2	场景3	场景4	场景5	场景6	Mean
	中青年驾驶人	27.1	34.34	35.78	37.81	38.84	40.88	35.79
速度均值/(km/h)	老年驾驶人	13.86	20.460	19.37	21.90	24.44	22.34	20.4
	P	0.001^**	0.021^*	0.002^**	0.005^**	0.036^*	0.001^**
	中青年驾驶人	12.01	12.63	11.81	13.84	11.18	10.92	12.07
速度标准差/(km/h)	老年驾驶人	5.44	7.07	7.4	8.88	8.4	9.22	7.74
	P	< 0.001^**	0.003^**	< 0.001^**	0.005^**	0.003^**	0.001^**
	中青年驾驶人	0.35	0.48	0.30	0.49	0.32	0.31	0.38
加速度/(m/s²)	老年驾驶人	0.76	0.35	0.40	0.44	0.43	0.46	0.47
	P	0.001^**	< 0.001^**	0.001^**	0.001^**	< 0.001^**	0.001^**
	中青年驾驶人	0.6	0.84	0.47	0.53	0.37	0.71	0.59
制动踏板深度/mm	老年驾驶人	0.79	0.62	0.57	0.62	0.61	0.85	0.68
	P	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**	0.006^**	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**
	中青年驾驶人	4.9	11.2	2.70	4.5	4.80	7.70	5.97
最早深制动时间/s	老年驾驶人	4.700	6.100	1.30	5.70	0.60	3.70	3.68
	P	0.450	0.02^*	0.038^*	0.047^*	0.001^**	0.01^**
注：^为在0.05水平上显著；^*为在0.01水平上显著。

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 驾驶人眼动特征统计及差异性分析

Table 3. Statistic and difference analysis of driver's eye movement characteristics

特征指标	驾驶人类型	场景1	场景2	场景3	场景4	场景5	场景6
	中青年驾驶人	216.951	244.17	245.660	255.000	255.520	270.350
注视持续时间均值/ms	老年驾驶人	331.25	284.210	263.490	314.320	302.450	241.120
	P	0.272	0.341	0.789	0.433	0.525	0.592
	中青年驾驶人	3.660	4.130	5.120	2.710	6.120	5.590
扫视幅度均值/(°)	老年驾驶人	2.790	3.410	3.810	4.570	3.400	3.090
	P	0.838	0.491	0.615	0.297	0.328	0.340

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 驾驶人皮电增长率与差异性分析

Table 4. Analysis on the growth rate and difference of drivers' skin electricity

驾驶人类型	场景1	场景2	场景3	场景4	场景5	场景6
中青年驾驶人	1.09	0.7	0.56	0.72	0.69	1.05
老年驾驶人	2.06	0.77	0.93	0.83	0.94	1.14
P	0.002^**	0.475	< 0.001^**	0.066	0.001^**	0.508

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表 5 肌电频率均值及差异性分析

Table 5. Analysis of mean value and difference of EMG frequency

驾驶人类型	场景1	场景2	场景3	场景4	场景5	场景6
中青年驾驶人	268.75	268.54	269.04	266.48	269.46	267.61
老年驾驶人	267.16	266.36	268.48	267.29	267.61	268.03
P	0.465	0.324	0.897	0.613	0.544	0.816

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 心率变异性评价指标

Table 6. Evaluation indicator of heart rate variability

分析法	指标	指标含义	指标表征
时域分析	SDNN/ms RMSSD/ms PNN50/%	表示全程记录期间所有N-N间期(或心动间隔)的标准差表示相邻RR间期之差的标准差(均方根）表示相邻心搏之差大于50 ms的个数占心搏总数的百分比	衡量驾驶人的紧张程度，值越小，紧张程度越高
频域分析	LF/ms² LF/HF TP/ms²	表示低频段0.04~0.15 Hz 表示低频带与高频带功率的比值包括超低频、极低频、低频、高频在内的功率的总和	衡量神经兴奋状态衡量神经平衡能力衡量机体调节能力

下载: 导出CSV

表 7 驾驶人心电指标分析及差异性分析

Table 7. Analysis of driver's ECG indicator and difference

特征指标	驾驶人类型	场景1	场景2	场景3	场景4	场景5	场景6
	中青年驾驶人	0.11	0.077	0.062	0.066	0.054	0.055
心率增长率	老年驾驶人	0.19	0.082	0.075	0.069	0.056	0.068
	P	0.078	0.118	0.007^**	0.042^*	0.093	0.029^*
	中青年驾驶人	355.15	203.29	187.88	233.47	324.34	255.65
SDNN/ms	老年驾驶人	269.05	179	140.05	152.84	238.44	160.53
	P	0.046^*	0.136	0.002^**	0.043^*	0.119	0.012^*
	中青年驾驶人	458.61	246.61	240.04	301.7	481.26	347.74
RMSSD/ms	老年驾驶人	378.83	203.79	195.08	207.31	313.13	179.73
	P	0.011^*	0.068	0.006^**	0.042^*	0.036^*	0.02^*
	中青年驾驶人	32.24	24.14	22.26	25.96	33.33	26.53
PNN50/%	老年驾驶人	17.74	14.79	16.73	17.13	17.85	11.15
	P	0.008^**	0.047^*	0.032^*	0.033^*	0.074	0.03^*
	中青年驾驶人	47.11	52.52	50.36	44.53	47.02	53.28
LF/ms²	老年驾驶人	47.38	46.09	50.14	32.48	42.04	43.07
	P	0.08	0.824	0.005^**	0.51	0.959	0.006^**
	中青年驾驶人	4.61	3.74	4.2	3.57	2.77	2.8
LF/HF	老年驾驶人	1.98	1.98	2.69	2.35	3.36	1.87
	P	0.072	0.639	0.045^*	0.468	0.976	0.035^*
	中青年驾驶人	586.16	440.88	387.80	375.79	508.35	283.53
TP/ms²	老年驾驶人	98.56	120.08	106.77	436.63	140.24	209.41
	P	0.368	0.262	0.009^**	0.003^**	0.558	0.041^*

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表 8 图谱构建的指标信息

Table 8. Indicator information of map construction

行为特性	特性指标	符号	数据范围
	速度（Velocity)/(km/h)	V	0~80
驾驶操作	加速度(Acceleration)/(m/s²)	AC	-9~9
	制动踏板深度(Brake pedal depth)/mm	BPD	0~10
视觉特性	注视时长（Fixation time)/ms	FT	0~6000
视觉特性	扫视幅度（Saccade amplitude)/(°)	SA	0~30
生理心理特性	心率（Heart rate growthrate)/bpm	HR	0~150
	皮电（Electrodermal activity)/us	EDA	0~15
	肌电（Electromyography)/mv	EMG	0~5

下载: 导出CSV

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