雾天高速公路隧道入口区域驾驶人视觉行为特性研究

江文艺; 杜志刚; 贺世明; 梅家林; 韩磊

doi:10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2024.04.012

雾天高速公路隧道入口区域驾驶人视觉行为特性研究

doi: 10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2024.04.012

武汉理工大学交通与物流工程学院武汉 430063

基金项目:

基于韵律性的公路隧道群光视线诱导系统设置理论与方法 52072291

详细信息

作者简介:
江文艺（1999—），硕士研究生. 研究方向：道路交通安全、驾驶行为. E-mail：jwy17347655573@163.com

通讯作者:
杜志刚（1977—），博士，教授. 研究方向：道路交通安全、交通规划研究等. E-mail：zhig_du7@163.com

中图分类号: U458
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-12-26
- 网络出版日期: 2024-11-25

A Study on the Visual Behavior Characteristics of Drivers at the Entrance Area of Freeway Tunnels in Foggy Weather

School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China

摘要

摘要: 隧道入口区域和雾环境对驾驶人的视觉都有着重要影响，引起驾驶人的视觉行为变化，导致驾驶行为的变化，从而影响交通安全。为探究雾对隧道入口区域驾驶人视觉行为特性的影响，在河南三湖隧道和韩口隧道开展实车试验，选取24个驾驶人样本，以驾驶人的注视、扫视行为为主要研究对象，分析驾驶人在雾天和晴朗天气下隧道内外的视觉行为特性差异。研究结果表明：雾天驾驶人的视觉行为特性相较于晴朗天气存在显著性差异，①雾天驾驶人驶入隧道前，注视点分布更为集中，注视持续时间高于1 000 ms的占比增加，夜间有雾达到29%、平均注视时间增加、注视频率减少、视觉搜索范围及效率减小，扫视幅度0~5°占比达88.89%，驾驶人对两侧环境关注度变小，努力寻找隧道洞口，驾驶行为更加谨慎；②雾天驾驶人驶入隧道后，注视点范围呈现出不同程度的扩大，平均注视时间和平均扫视时间增加，视觉搜索范围及其效率增加，驾驶人对隧道侧壁、隧道轮廓关注度提高；③雾天时，夜间相较于白天，对驾驶人视觉行为的影响总体而言更大，驾驶谨慎程度进一步提高；④在白天，雾使隧道洞口视线诱导设施可视性降低，隧道洞口视认性差，驾驶人视觉环境剧烈过渡，视觉负荷和心理压力增加，从而显著提升了行车风险。
- 交通安全 /
- 高速公路特长隧道 /
- 雾天 /
- 视觉行为
Abstract: The tunnel entrance area and foggy environments significantly impact drivers' vision, causing changes in drivers' visual behaviors that lead to alterations in driving behaviors, thus affecting traffic safety. To investigate the influence of fog on characteristics of drivers' visual behavior at the tunnel entrance area, a real-vehicle test is conducted in Sanhu Tunnel and Hankou Tunnel in Henan Province, and 24 participants are recruited to analyze the differences in drivers' visual behavior characteristics inside and outside the tunnels under foggy and clear weather, with drivers' fixation and saccade behaviors as the main objects of the study. The results indicate significant differences in drivers' visual behavior characteristics between foggy and clear weather. ①Before entering the tunnel in foggy weather, fixation distribution becomes more concentrated, the percentage of fixation durations exceeding 1 000 ms increases, with foggy conditions at night reaching 29%, average fixation duration increases, the frequency of fixation decreases, the range and efficiency of visual search decrease, and saccades within the range from 0° to 5° accounting for 88.89%, drivers pay less attention to the environments on both sides and try to search for the tunnel portal, demonstrating more cautious driving behavior. ②After entering the tunnel in foggy weather, the range of fixation points expands to varying degrees, average fixation time and average saccade duration increase, the range and efficiency of visual search improve, and drivers pay more attention to the tunnel sidewalls and contour. ③In foggy weather, nighttime has a greater impact on drivers' visual behaviors than daytime, and the level of driving caution increases further. ④During the daytime, fog reduces the visibility of the visual-guiding facilities at the tunnel portal, leading to poor recognition of the tunnel portal, drivers experience a dramatic change in their visual environment, which increases visual load and psychological pressure, significantly increasing driving risk.
- traffic safety /
- extra-long freeway tunnel /
- foggy weather /
- visual behavior

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图 1 试验场景

Figure 1. Experiment scenes

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图 2 注视点分布

Figure 2. Fixation distribution in the tunnel entrance area

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图 3 隧道入口区域注视持续时间比例

Figure 3. Percentage of fixation duration in the tunnel entrance area

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图 4 隧道入口区域平均注视时间和注视频率

Figure 4. Average fixation duration and fixation frequency in the tunnel entrance area

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图 5 扫视幅度分布次数占比

Figure 5. Percentage of saccade amplitude distributions

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图 6 隧道入口区域扫视速度变化

Figure 6. Change of saccade speed in the tunnel entrance area

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表 1 水平方向上的注视点范围显著性检验

Table 1. Fixation range significance test in the horizontal direction

区段	白天无雾/px		白天有雾/px		夜间无雾/px		夜间有雾/px		Sig.
区段	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	Sig.
驶入隧道前	197.176	34.565	162.021	6.094	188.003	32.061	172.668	13.776	0.168
驶入隧道后	46.891	14.908	400.503	50.146	88.926	14.354	385.549	38.347	< 0.001^*
Sig.	0.002^*		< 0.001^*		0.008^*		< 0.001^*		—
注：“*”为显著性水平95%；“Sig.”为显著性检验后的显著性水平。

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表 2 垂直方向上的注视点范围显著性检验

Table 2. Fixation range significance test in the vertical direction

区段	白天无雾/px		白天有雾/px		夜间无雾/px		夜间有雾/px		Sig.
区段	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	Sig.
驶入隧道前	167.706	35.142	124.297	26.824	168.997	11.124	166.015	12.243	0.074
驶入隧道后	125.794	18.573	212.125	68.023	71.101	13.559	277.286	58.236	0.002^*
Sig.	0.005^*		0.008^*		< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*		—

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表 3 隧道入口区域注视时间显著性检验

Table 3. Fixation time significance test in tunnel entrance area

区段	白天无雾/ms		白天有雾/ms		夜间无雾/ms		夜间有雾/ms		Sig.
区段	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	Sig.
驶入隧道前	232.758	28.201	331.039	38.704	287.192	30.074	693.996	32.894	< 0.001^*
驶入隧道后	181.423	12.326	245.213	14.497	314.738	26.749	319.486	21.673	0.012^*
Sig.	0.806		0.181		< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*

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表 4 扫视幅度显著性检验

Table 4. Saccade amplitude significance test

区段	白天无雾(/°)		白天有雾(/°)		夜间无雾(/°)		夜间有雾(/°)		Sig.
区段	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	Sig.
驶入隧道前	15.597	3.906	10.631	4.374	6.688	1.137	3.011	0.923	< 0.001^*
驶入隧道后	6.543	2.993	10.069	1.782	5.006	1.042	8.836	3.087	< 0.001^*
Sig.	0.002^*		0.056		0.041^*		< 0.001^*

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表 5 平均扫视时间显著性检验

Table 5. Average saccade time significance test

区段	白天无雾/ms		白天有雾/ms		夜间无雾/ms		夜间有雾/ms		Sig.
区段	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	Sig.
驶入隧道前	40.809	2.034	31.436	5.677	29.381	1.997	21.951	5.896	< 0.001^*
驶入隧道后	29.033	10.411	40.561	3.287	32.431	2.096	34.656	2.442	< 0.001^*
Sig.	0.189		0.209		0.095		0.061

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表 6 扫视速度显著性检验

Table 6. Saccade speed significance test

区段	白天无雾(/°/s)		白天有雾(/°/s)		夜间无雾(/°/s)		夜间有雾(/°/s)		Sig.
区段	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	Sig.
驶入隧道前	58.358	7.169	46.768	2.097	26.697	2.807	13.687	3.833	< 0.001^*
驶入隧道后	21.596	3.737	24.616	2.809	15.579	1.255	25.672	5.229	< 0.001^*
Sig.	0.096		0.862		0.005^*		0.002^*

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