An Analysis of Hard Landing Events in Civil Aviation Based on an Improved Bow-Tie Model

In order to thoroughly analyze hard landing events of civil flights in China,and provide practical preven-tion measures,an improved Bow-Tie model is proposed.This model classifies all causes of hard landing events into the following four aspects:human,machine,environment,and management and statistically quantifies them.The causes and consequences of 262 hard landing events are analyzed,with which preventive and reducing measures are developed.An improved Bow-Tie diagram of hard landing events is established.A hard landing and tail-skid collision of Hebei Airlines in 201 6 is selected as a case study.The results show that the improved Bow-Tie diagram covers all possible causes and con-sequences of hard landing events,and can provide targeted measures for prevention and control.Therefore,it can serve as a reference for prevention and risk management of hard landing events.